商業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件下生長肥育豬飼糧中增加賴氨酸能量比并添加脂肪的經(jīng)濟(jì)性

小馬哥

Economics of increasing lysine:calorieratio and adding dietary fat for growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercialenvironment

Manuel De La Llata, MS, PhD；Mike D.Tokach, MS, PhD；Robert D. Goodband, MS, PhD；Jim L. Nelssen, MS, PhD；Steve S. Dritz, DVM, PhD；Michael R. Langemeier,MS, PhD

MDLL, MDT, RDG, JLN: Department of Animal Sciences andIndustry; MRL:Department of Agricultural Economics; SSD: Food Animal Health andManagement Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66506-0201

SSD: Food Animal Health and Management Center, KansasState University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Dennison Avenue,Manhattan, Kansas 66506. Tel: 785-532-4202; Fax: 603-676-5543; E-mail: dritz@vet.ksu.edu

Contribution No. 00-445-J of the Kansas Agric ExpStat, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.

Address correspondence to Dr Dritz.

De L Llata M, Dritz SS, Langemeier MR, et al. Economics of increasinglysine:calorie ratio and adding dietary fat for growing-finishing pigs rearedin a commercial environment . J Swine Health Prod. 2001;9(5):215-223.鏈接可以下載 Available as a PDF

Summary

Objective: To evaluate the economics of adding dietary fat andincreasing lysine:calorie ratios in growing-finishing pigs reared in commercialswine facilities.

Methods:

Data was collected from 1200 gilts (initially 27 kg)and 1200 barrows (initially 34 kg). Two levels of fat (0% and 6% added choicewhite grease) and four lysine:calorie ratio regimens (LCR) arranged in a 2 x 4factorial were examined. Monthly prices of corn, soybean meal, fat, and hogsfor 1989 to 1998 were used to calculate feed cost, feed cost per kg of gain,and income over feed cost(IOFC) under two packing-plant pricing grids.

Results:

Adding fat and increasing LCRincreased ADG, G:F, and feed cost per pig. For gilts, feed cost per kg of gainwas lowest in 39.2, 15.0, and 4.2% of months for LCR2, LCR3, and LCR4 withoutadded fat, respectively; and in 41.6% of months for LCR4 with added fat. The IOFC was highest in 98.3 and 100% of monthsfor LCR4 with added fat using Grids One and Two, respectively. For barrows,feed cost per kg of gain was lowest in 84.4% of months for LCR3 without addedfat. Using Grid One, IOFCwas highest in 55 and 45% of months for LCR4 with or without added fat,respectively. Using Grid Two, IOFCwas highest in 97.0% of months for LCR4 with 6% added fat.

Implication: For evaluation of nutritional programs, IOFC is a better indicator of economicperformance than feed cost per pig or feed cost per unit of gain.

Keywords: swine, lysine, energy, added fat, economics

Received: June 12, 2000   Accepted:April 6, 2001

The energy content of the diet generally determines the amount of feedconsumed by growing-finishing pigs.1 Consequently, as energy contentincreases, the amino acid levels of the diet must increase proportionately.Since lysine is the most common limiting amino acid, the proportion of aminoacids to energy is commonly expressed as the lysine:calorie ratio. Severalstudies have shown that increasing the lysine:calorie ratio in diets forgrowing-finishing pigs improves average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency(G:F).2,3,4 Increasing energy content by adding fat to the diet alsoincreases ADG and G:F, and decreases average daily feed intake.5,6,7Although adding fat and additional amino acids to the diet improves growth performance,feed cost also increases. Therefore, economics should dictate the inclusion offat and additional amino acids in diets for growing-finishing pigs. The growthresponse to added fat appears to be different in controlled research settingscompared to commercial farms8 because of the 25 to 40% greater feedintakes of pigs housed under controlled environments. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the economics of adding dietary fat and increasinglysine:calorie ratios in growing-finishing pigs reared in commercial swinefacilities.

Materialsand methods

Animals

This study included two experiments with a total of2400 growing-finishing pigs (PIC C22 x 337). Experiment One was conducted withgilts (n=1200; initially 27 kg) from July to November 1998. Experiment Two wasconducted with barrows (n=1200; initially 34 kg) from August to December      
1998.

Diets

For both experiments, thecorn-soybean meal-based diets were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with twolevels of added fat (0 and 6% choice white grease) and four increasinglysine:calorie ratios in each phase (Table 1). Thus, the four lysine:calorieratios with and without added fat across four phases resulted in 32 diets fedacross the four lysine:calorie ratio regimens (LCR) for each experiment. Otheressential amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, and minerals wereformulated to meet or exceed recommendations of NRC, 1998.1 Eachdiet phase was fed for a 28-day period. The average pig weights for each of thefour phases were 27 to 45, 45 to 75, 75 to 100, and 100 to 120 kg forExperiment One and 34 to 60, 60 to 80, 80 to 100, and 100 to 120 kg forExperiment Two. A more detailed description of the diets is presented in De LaLlata et al.9,10

Housing andfeeding

Pigs were housed in identical,double curtain-sided, deep pit research barns constructed like commercialfinishing facilities, with forty-eight 3.05 m x 5.50-m pens and totally slattedconcrete floors. The barns were ventilated naturally during warm weather andmechanically during cold weather.

Upon arrival from the nursery,pigs were allotted randomly to pens, with 25 pigs per pen, providing 0.67 m2per pig. There was one four-hole self-feeder and one cup waterer in each pen.Pigs had ad libitum access to food and water throughout the experiments.

Growthperformance

In each experiment, group weightsof all the pigs in each pen were obtained every 14 days. Feed was weighed andadded to the feeders using an auger cart equipped with a scale. Feeders werevacuumed, and the remaining feed was recorded at the diet phase changes every28 days. Average daily gain, feed disappearance, and feed efficiency werecalculated. At the end of the last phase, all pens were weighed beforetransport to a USDA-inspected processing plant. Prior to transport, the pigs ineach pen were marked with a distinctive tattoo to allow the individual carcassdata to be identified with the pen of origin. All pigs within each gender weremarketed on a single day. Standard carcass criteria measured included carcassweight, fat and loin depths, and lean percentage.

Economicdata collection

Prices used in calculations forcorn, soybean meal, fat, and hogs (Figures 1 and 2) were collected monthly inthe state of Minnesota for a ten-year period (1989 to 1998). Corn and hogprices were obtained from the National Agricultural Statistics Service,11and fat (Minneapolis choice white grease) and soybean meal (Minneapolis highprotein) prices from Feedstuffs.12 All prices were adjustedfor inflation using the consumer price index from the US Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics.13

Economic calculations

Total feed cost per pig, feedcost per kg of gain, and income over feed cost (IOFC)per pig were calculated monthly for each treatment for each month of theten-year data collection period. Total feed cost per pig was calculated usingthe monthly ingredient prices and the amount of feed consumed by phase for eachof the dietary treatments. Feed cost per kg of gain was calculated by dividingthe total feed cost per pig by the total kg of body weight gained. Income overfeed cost per pig was determined by subtracting the feed cost per pig from thegross income per pig for each treatment. Gross income per pig was determinedusing monthly hog prices collected for the ten-year period plus premiums anddiscounts using the carcass measurements and two packing-plant grids. The samebase price (based on monthly hog price) was used for both grids. Grid One usedfixed premiums and weight discounts, which were independent of the base price(Table 2). Grid Two used an index of premiums and discounts, which representeda percentage of the base carcass price (Table 3).

Statistical analysis

Average daily gain, G:F, carcassweight, carcass lean, total feed cost, feed cost per kg of gain, and IOFC were analyzed as a completely randomizeddesign using GLM procedures.14 The data were analyzed as a 2 x 4factorial arrangement with main effects of added dietary fat (0 or 6%) and withlinear and quadratic polynomial contrasts15 to determine the effectof increasing the lysine:calorie ratio. Pen was the experimental unit for allcalculations.

Regressionanalysis

A multiple regression analysisfor each of the dietary treatments was performed using the data analysisregression tool of Excel(R) described by Ragsdale.16 Thefollowing regression model was fitted to the data:

IOFC = bo + b1Corn+ b2SBM + b3Fat + b4Hog price

Income over feed cost per pig for each month duringthe ten-year data collection period was used as the dependent variable. Pricesof corn, soybean meal, fat, and hog carcasses for the same ten-year period wereused as the independent variables.

Elasticity

Regressionresults are easier to interpret if the relationship between independent anddependent variables is expressed in percentage terms. An elasticity measuresthe effect on the dependent variable of a 1% change in an independent variable.The elasticity of Y with respect to X2, for example, is thepercentage change in Y divided by the percentage change in X2. Foreach of the dietary treatments, the elasticities of the independent variableswere calculated according to Pindyck and Rubinfeld17 using thefollowing equation:  

where E is the elasticity for the jth variable,[beta] is the regression coefficient of the independent variable (ingredient orhog price),  is the average price of the independent variable, and Y is theaverage value of the dependent variable (IOFC).The impact of elasticity on the dependent variable increases with increasingabsolute values of elasticity.

Results

Growth andeconomic performance

Experiment 1(gilts)

A more detailed description ofthe growth performance data is presented in De La Llata et al.9Briefly, adding 6% dietary fat (P<.05) and increasing thelysine:calorie ratio (P<.05 linear) increased ADG, G:F, carcassweight, total feed cost per pig, and IOFC (Table 4). Carcass lean decreasedwith 6% added dietary fat (P<.05), and increased when the LCRincreased (P<.05 linear). Feed cost per kg of gain increased (P<.10)when 6% added fat was included in the diet. No significant interactions betweenfat and LCR were observed (P>.41). The fourth LCR with 6% added fatresulted in the highest IOFCin 98.3% (Grid One) and 100% (Grid Two) of the months during the ten-year datacollection period. The fourth LCR without added fat resulted in the highest IOFC in only 2 months for Grid One (1.7%).When no fat was added to the diet, feed cost per kg of gain was lowest in 39.2%of months for the second LCR, 15.0% of months for the third LCR, and 4.2% forthe fourth LCR. When 6% fat was added to the diet with the fourth LCR, feedcost per kg of gain was lowest in 41.6% of months.

Experiment 2(barrows)

Adding 6% dietary fat (P<.05)and increasing the LCR (P<.05 linear) increased ADG, G:F, carcassweight, and total feed cost per pig (Table 4). Carcass lean decreased with 6%added dietary fat (P<.05), and increased when the LCR increased (P<.05linear). Adding 6% fat to the diet did not affect IOFC for Grid One (P>.56),but tended to increase IOFC for Grid Two (P<.10). Increasing the LCRincreased IOFC for both grids (P<.05 linear). Feed cost per kg ofgain increased (P<.05) when 6% fat was included in the diet.Increasing the LCR decreased feed cost per kg of gain (P<.05 linear).No significant interactions between fat and LCR were observed (P>.41).

For Grid One , the fourth LCRwith 6% added fat resulted in the highest IOFC in 46.7% of the months, and thefourth LCR with no added fat resulted in the highest IOFC in 53.3% of themonths. For Grid Two, the fourth LCR with 6% added fat resulted in the highestIOFC in 97.0% of the months. The fourth LCR without added fat resulted in thehighest IOFC in only 4 months (3.0%). Feed cost per kg of gain was lowest in84.4% of months for the third LCR with no added fat and in 15.6% of months forthe fourth LCR with 6% added fat.

Regressionand elasticity 回歸和伸縮性

Inboth experiments, regression coefficients were negative for corn, soybean meal,and fat prices, and the greatest absolute value was observed for the corn pricecoefficient (Table 5). The regression coefficient for hog price was positive,and it had the greatest elasticity value for each treatment in both experiments(Table 6). Fat price had the lowest elasticity value, followed by soybean mealand corn prices. When the lysine:calorie ratio of the diet was increased,elasticities decreased for corn, fat, and hog prices, and increased for soybeanmeal price.

學(xué)無止境2013

多謝馬哥提供

學(xué)無止境2013

google的作用大陸還是不能屏蔽的，對我們的利益損失遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊端。
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學(xué)無止境2013

小馬哥 發(fā)表于 2015-2-8 10:43
鏈接可以下載 Available as a PDF

這個(gè)鏈接就可以下載原文的pdf格式。學(xué)者使用翻墻軟件，google的作用 ...

馬哥對計(jì)算機(jī)都懂好多哈。贊

小馬哥

學(xué)無止境2013 發(fā)表于 2015-2-8 10:23
沒搜到，麻煩小馬哥給個(gè)地址哈

鏈接可以下載 Available as a PDF

這個(gè)鏈接就可以下載原文的pdf格式。學(xué)者使用翻墻軟件，google的作用大陸還是不能屏蔽的，對我們的利益損失遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊端。

本人編輯的一個(gè)PDF版的，從網(wǎng)頁復(fù)制轉(zhuǎn)換過來的，上傳一下分享。如下：

學(xué)無止境2013

沒搜到，麻煩小馬哥給個(gè)地址哈

學(xué)無止境2013

謝謝建議，我下載下來看看哈

小馬哥

小馬哥簡單演算了一下，IOFC確實(shí)可以做到飼料大原料的取舍，使得飼料成本上能有一些差異，值得借鑒。

網(wǎng)上可以搜到這篇文章。

小馬哥

Discussion

Swine producers use various economic parameters to evaluate nutritional programs; total feed cost per pig is one of them. In this study, feed cost per pig was increased approximately 13.5% for the highest LCR with 6% added fat compared to the lowest LCR with no added fat. However, adding fat or increasing the LCR resulted in increased growth performance. Feed cost per unit of gain is another economic parameter widely used to evaluate nutritional programs. We observed that feed cost per unit of gain was lower for the diets without added fat. Feed cost per unit of gain was lowest for diets containing no added fat in approximately 60% of months in the ten-year period for gilts, and in approximately 80% of months for barrows. For gilts, the diet with the second lowest LCR and no added fat accounted for almost 40% of the months when feed cost per unit gain was lowest. These results suggest that feeding diets without added dietary fat and with lysine levels below the pig's requirement for maximum growth result in the lowest feed cost per unit gain during a large percentage of the ten-year data collection period.
In addition to examination of costs, nutritional programs should be evaluated in terms of margin and volume produced. When we evaluated the data in terms of IOFC, we observed that the LCR resulting in the best performance was associated with the highest IOFC estimate, even though feed cost was increased. We have observed similar results in several swine production systems. Systems that focus almost solely on cost control tend to feed diets that are slightly lysine deficient and lower in added fat, which results in slightly sub maximal growth performance. Conversely, systems that also focus on evaluating parameters influenced by income tend to feed slightly higher lysine and added fat levels to maximize growth performance.
Income over feed cost was highest in both experiments in almost 100% of the months when the fourth LCR was fed with added fat, except for Experiment Two (barrows) under Grid One. We examined the price conditions for the periods where the fourth LCR with or without added fat showed higher IOFC for Experiment Two (Figure 3). We observed that when addition of dietary fat increased IOFC (approximately 53% of the months), carcass price was 28% higher and fat price was 7% lower than during the period when the fourth LCR without added fat resulted in higher IOFC (approximately 47% of the months).

Percent lean decreased for both barrows and gilts when fat was added to the diet. However, IOFC increased for barrows and not for gilts during a large portion of the period evaluated under Grid One when the fourth LCR was fed without added fat. One explanation for this might be that gilts are leaner than barrows,18 and the decrease in percent lean (which resulted in lower revenue) when fat was added to the diet was greater for barrows than for gilts. Grid One tended to have a lower tolerance for dietary fat than Grid Two. For example, Figure 4 shows the highest fat breakeven price that could be paid to make IOFC the same for barrows fed the fourth LCR with and without added fat at different hog prices. Although both packing plant grids show an increase in the price that may be paid for fat as hog price increases, Grid One demonstrates a lower fat breakeven price across the hog price range studied.


Regression coefficients
The regression coefficients obtained from monthly ingredient and hog prices over a ten-year period represent a wide range of market situations. These regression coefficients can be used to estimate IOFC for diets with the LCRs evaluated in this study (with or without added fat) by simply entering specific ingredient and hog prices into the equations. For example, using the regression equation for gilts (Experiment One) under Grid One for the fourth LCR with 6% added fat [IOFC = 6.30 + (corn price x -170.52) + (SBM price x - 58.24) + (fat price x -15.01) + (hog price x 94.67)] and the average ingredient and hog carcass prices ($US) for the ten-year data collection period ($0.10 per kg of corn, $0.25 per kg of soybean meal, $0.33 per kg of fat, and $1.16 per kg of hog carcass), we can calculate an IOFC of $79.50 per pig. If a producer, under similar conditions, pays an additional $0.09 per kg for fat due to differing delivery charges, heating costs, volume purchased, or fat source, the calculated IOFC for this producer is $78.20 per pig (a decrease of $1.20 per pig). If the producer in the previous example, in addition to paying a higher price for fat, also sells pigs at a base carcass price $0.04 per kg below the average, then the calculated IOFC will be $74.41 (a reduction of $5.00 per pig from the original figure). Another example illustrates a situation in which adding fat is less profitable than not adding fat. Using the ten-year average prices, we already calculated that a producer feeding gilts with the fourth LCR with added fat (under Grid One) will have an IOFC of $79.50. If another producer is also feeding gilts with the fourth LCR, but without added fat, and is selling pigs under Grid One at a price $0.05 per kg higher than the average price, the IOFC using the corresponding regression equation [IOFC = 6.75 + (corn price x -213.27) + (SBM price x - 57.11) + (hog price x 91.0)] will be $81.26 (an increase of $1.76 per pig)].

Elasticity coefficients
Calculation of elasticity coefficients is a useful economic tool to determine the relative importance of independent variables in a regression analysis. The greatest elasticity value for IOFC was observed for hog price. This means that hog price has the greatest impact on IOFC. The elasticity coefficients for corn, soybean meal, and fat prices have negative signs, indicating that an increase in the price of any of the ingredients will result in a reduction of IOFC. For example, using elasticity coefficients under Grid One for the fourth LCR with 6% added fat in Experiment Two (barrows), we observe that a 1% increase in corn price will decrease IOFC by 0.24%. Similarly, IOFC will decrease by 0.16% with a 1% increase in soybean meal price, and 0.07% with a 1% increase in fat price. Conversely, IOFC will increase by 1.44% with a 1% increase in hog price.

It is not surprising that corn and soybean meal prices have a greater impact on IOFC than fat price, because they comprise the largest percentage of the feed cost. However, the opportunity margin, defined as the average percentage of each ingredient cost that may be available for increasing profit, is greater for fat.19 Although a change in corn or soybean price will have a greater impact on IOFC than a comparable change in fat price, the likelihood and the magnitude of a price change are greater for fat than for corn or soybean meal. Similarly, although hog price had the greatest elasticity coefficient, it might be more difficult for a producer to increase the hog price per kg than to decrease the price of corn, soybean meal, or fat. The high opportunity margin of fat price results from the large variability in fat prices among producers. This variability is explained by the differences in price between fat sources, volume purchased, delivery charges, and storage costs, as well as differences in negotiating ability among producers.

Summary

In our study, we determined that IOFC was a better economic evaluator than feed cost per kg of gain. This result applies to situations in which treatment differences influence revenue-affected parameters such 20 Income over feed cost takes both revenue and expenses into account, whereas feed cost per kg of gain focuses only on the expense side. The main factors that influence revenue are weight, lean premium, sort discount, and base price. The most important factors that influence expenses are feed cost and feed efficiency. Income over feed cost is a marginal return measure; therefore, producers should focus either on factors that would decrease feed costs without affecting productivity, or factors that would increase revenue. However, when producers try to increase revenue by adding components to the diet (eg, energy, a growth promoting agent to increase carcass weight, or a carcass modifier to increase lean premium), the increase in revenue must be greater than the increase in feed cost.
In this experiment, all pigs were marketed at the same time, allowing pigs with greater rates of gain to achieve heavier weights at market and, consequently, fewer sort discounts and more revenue. Under this circumstance, weight was the most important driver to maximize return. The fourth LCR with added fat maximized both growth and IOFC. However, marketing all pigs at the same time is also a potential limitation of this study. More research is needed to evaluate IOFC under conditions where slower growing finishing pigs are sold at a weight similar to that of faster growing pigs fed dietary fat. The extra gross income received by extending the feeding period to grow the pigs to heavier weights would have to justify the extra facility and feed costs.

Implications

&#8226;        Different diet recommendations may result when different economic parameters are used to evaluate swine diets, for example, feed cost per unit of gain and income over feed cost.
&#8226;        When swine diets are evaluated using income over feed costs, the selection of marketing strategy and barn close out procedure may have an impact on the results.
&#8226;        Regression equations based on growth performance data can be developed to predict economic performance under specific market situations.

Acknowledgements

Appreciation expressed to Global Ventures for the use of pigs and facilities; to Pipestone Research Partners for partial financial support; and to Marty Heintz, Steve Rops, and Robert Powell for technical assistance.