斷奶仔豬胃腸道的飼喂

monica

FEEDING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AFTER WEANING
                                                 斷奶仔豬胃腸道的飼喂

Burrin and Stoll (2003) highlighted the temporal changes in gastrointestinal development and growth after weaning, showing that early-weaned pigs (14 days in this case) have an “acute phase” lasting about 7 days and a subsequent “adaptive phase” in which the gastrointestinal tract recovers from the immediate post-weaning insults. Although the duration and magnitude of these phases varies according to factors such as weaning age, environment, genotype and health status, they are generally coincidental with patterns of energy intake and weight gain after weaning (Le Dividich and Seve, 2000), although the variation surrounding these indices can be enormous (Brooks and Tsourgiannis, 2003). Feeding programmes and feed budgets after weaning have evolved to accommodate these two phases and place pigs as soon as possible onto cheaper diets, but the percentage of pigs in a population that fit this generalized pattern is unknown. Indeed, what are the implications for pigs that fall outside this pattern?

Burrin and Stoll (2003)強(qiáng)調(diào)了仔豬斷奶后胃腸道生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的短期變化，認(rèn)為早期斷奶(14 天)后有一個(gè)為期約7天的“敏感階段”及隨后的“適應(yīng)階段”，在“適應(yīng)階段”仔豬的胃腸道會(huì)從斷奶后的損害中恢復(fù)過來。雖然這兩個(gè)階段的持續(xù)時(shí)間及影響程度隨斷奶日齡、環(huán)境、豬的基因型和健康狀況的不同而有差異（而這些指標(biāo)通常都是千差萬別Brooks and Tsourgiannis, 2003），但是這兩個(gè)階段通常都和斷奶后能量采食及增重息息相關(guān)的(Le Dividich and Seve, 2000)。基于斷奶后飼喂程序和飼料開支的考慮，豬場(chǎng)通常都采用這兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)，而且會(huì)盡可能快地讓豬吃上便宜的日糧，但是豬群中適用這種大眾化模式的豬到底有多少？不得而知。而事實(shí)是：對(duì)于不能適應(yīng)這種飼養(yǎng)模式的豬而言，這又意味著什么？

In this regard, Burrin and Stoll (2003) remarked that given increases in the understanding of intestinal nutrient utilization of recent times, it is (theoretically perhaps) possible to formulate diets for weanling pigs with the specific goal of optimizing the growth, function and health of the gastrointestinal tract. Their review comprehensively describes some of the most promising candidates they believe could be used in weanling pig diets based upon their known mode(s) of action in the gastrointestinal tract and their utilization in the portal-drained viscera (PDV), the tissues of which include the stomach, pancreas, small and large intestine, and the spleen. In pigs, the PDV tissues contribute approximately 5% of body weight yet account for 20-35% of whole-body protein turnover and energy expenditure (Yen et al., 1997), which reflects their disproportionately high fractional protein synthesis rates and O2 consumption. The high rates of metabolism and nutrient utilization in the gut are directly linked to the high rates of proliferation, protein secretion, apoptosis and desquamation of various epithelial and lymphoid cells within the mucosa (Burrin and Stoll, 2003), all of which are a key feature of the post-weaning period.

就這一點(diǎn)，Burrin and Stoll (2003)就提出過：當(dāng)前要更好的理解小腸對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的利用，在原理上，為達(dá)到胃腸道的理想生長(zhǎng)、功能和健康的特定目的來配制斷奶仔豬日糧，這也是完全可行的。根據(jù)Burrin and Stoll (2003)的回顧：基于一些物質(zhì)在胃腸道發(fā)揮作用的方式以及它們?cè)赑DV組織中的作用，這些物質(zhì)是斷奶仔豬日糧配制中很有幫助的指標(biāo)，PDV組織包括胃、胰腺、小腸和大腸以及脾臟。 對(duì)豬來說，PDV組織約占體重的5%，但是卻占機(jī)體蛋白周轉(zhuǎn)和能量消耗的20-35%，這一點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在PDV組織不成比例的高蛋白合成速度和氧氣的消耗上。 腸道代謝和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)利用的高效率直接與粘膜內(nèi)不同的上皮和淋巴細(xì)胞的本身增殖、蛋白分泌、細(xì)胞死亡和脫落有關(guān)，這些上皮和淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)斷奶后仔豬生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育都很關(guān)鍵。

Gut specific nutrients suggested by Burrin and Stoll (2003) include the amino acids glutamine, glutamate and threonine, and the reader is directed towards this review for more extensive information. Glutamine and glutamate are not considered as “essential” amino acids in traditional diet formulations, however there is a large body of evidence in many species, including young pigs, showing some benefits to the addition of these amino acids in the immediate post-weaning period. Arginine, an essential amino acid for neonates but not for growing pigs, was shown by Wu et al. (2004) to decline markedly in plasma during suckling, and supplementation of 0.2 and 0.4% arginine to 7- to 21-day-old artificially-reared pigs increased piglet growth rates by 28 and 66% respectively. Whether there is a conditionally essential requirement for arginine after weaning has not been investigated to my knowledge, however for producers that feed pigs milk liquid diets then attention to arginine levels may be warranted. Obviously major consideration for any of these amino acids of course is the cost of such interventions.

Burrin and Stoll (2003)提到，腸道的特定營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)包括谷氨酸，谷氨酸鹽和蘇氨酸，讀者可以直接根據(jù)他們的回顧得到更多的信息。在傳統(tǒng)日糧中谷氨酸和谷氨酸鹽都不被認(rèn)為是必需氨基酸，然而，有大量不同動(dòng)物包括小豬在內(nèi)的證據(jù)表明，在剛斷奶后仔豬日糧中添加谷氨酸和谷氨酸鹽確實(shí)有效。精氨酸，對(duì)于剛出生的乳豬來說是必需氨基酸，但對(duì)生長(zhǎng)豬來說則不然，根據(jù)Wu等(2004)的研究表明乳豬在吃奶期間血漿內(nèi)精氨酸顯著下降，給出生后7-21天的乳豬人工飼喂0.2%和0.4%的精氨酸，生長(zhǎng)速度分別提高了28%和60%。雖然我自己的研究中并沒有進(jìn)行關(guān)于精氨酸是否是條件必需性氨基酸的研究，但是對(duì)于那些飼喂液體奶的生產(chǎn)者來說，應(yīng)該關(guān)注精氨酸的水平。 顯而易見，考慮上述任何一種氨基酸都會(huì)帶來成本的變化。

In addition, the influence of post-weaning infections and associated inflammatory responses on aspects of gastrointestinal function warrants mention. Burrin and Stoll (2003) suggested that enteric infection increases intestinal nutrient requirements that in turn limit the availability of dietary nutrients for growth. Key questions include how an infection, such as enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli infection, alters the pattern of intestinal nutrient utilization, and what are the key nutrients that may either become limiting for intestinal function/body growth and/or assist with gastrointestinal repair. In the case of enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli infection for example, which can still be prevalent 10-12 days after weaning, it seems ironic that some pigs in a pen could be offered a lower specification diet just at the time they require a higher specification diet to boost gut repair. Economics and facility management obviously play key roles in addressing this, however from a biological perspective I think this is an interesting question and one worth discussing.

此外，要提一下斷奶后的感染及炎癥對(duì)腸道功能的影響。 Burrin and Stoll (2003)建議，腸道感染增加了對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的需要，進(jìn)而限制了日糧中本來用來生長(zhǎng)的養(yǎng)分利用率。一些關(guān)鍵的問題，包括產(chǎn)腸毒素大腸桿菌感染，是怎樣改變了小腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)利用的模式，從而使一些重要的養(yǎng)分，或許也就變成了小腸機(jī)能/機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)和/或腸道修復(fù)的限制性因子。拿產(chǎn)腸毒素大腸桿菌感染作為例子，在斷奶后10-12天仍然是主發(fā)疾病，但是比較有諷刺意味的是，在一個(gè)欄內(nèi)本來需要特定日糧來滿足腸道修復(fù)需要，但是卻提供了普通的日糧。雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)目的和設(shè)備管理更多地決定了日糧的使用，然而從生物角度來講，我認(rèn)為，這是一個(gè)比較有意思的話題，值得探討。