簡氏:中國的 J-11B 預示靜悄悄的軍事革命！

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Chinese J-11B Presages Quiet Military Revolution
中國的 J-11B 預示靜悄悄的軍事革命

By Douglas Barrie
China is in the midst of a critical period of testing an "indigenous" version of the Russian Su-27 Flanker, known as the J-11B, with propulsion, radar and weapons system integration underway.

中國正在測試鑒定裝有推進、雷達和武器系統集成的俄國 Su-27 側衛本土版本J-11B的中期。

The effort is emblematic of Beijing's efforts to recast its capabilities for the 21st century as its military and associated defense-aerospace sector undergoes its own revolution in military affairs.

這種努力是北京努力為21世紀軍事和關系到其自身軍務變革的空天防務扇區而重振雄風的象征。

The development of the J-11B, if successful, will mark a notable change in capability--not only for key elements of the country's defense industrial base, but also for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).

J-11B 的開發如果成功，將為其能力帶來顯著變化--不僅對于國防工業基礎的要害部位，而且還有人民解放軍空軍(PLAAF)。

The Chinese military is recalibrating the balance of quantity and quality in favor of the latter, as a guarantor of a decisive military edge and the ability to project power regionally. At the same time, the nature of the relationship between Beijing and Moscow may be subtly changing, reflecting China's growing confidence in its own capabilities.

中國軍事正在重調后期支持上質量和數量之間的平衡，作為決定性軍事優勢和地區投射力量的保證。同時，北京和莫斯科之間的關系的性質可能在微妙變化，正影響中國在其自身能力不斷增長的信心。

Alongside key elements on the J-11B, Chinese industry is beginning to produce a gamut of capable guided weapons, both tactical and strategic, including satellite-guided precision systems. The emergence of unmanned platforms is also gaining the attention of Beijing.

在 J-11B 上的關鍵部位（的突破），中國工業開始形成在制導武器，戰術和戰略兩方面的，包括衛星精確制導系統全面開花局面。

The nationally developed systems now in various stages of the J-11B test program potentially provide performance improvements over the various Su-27 models now in PLAAF service.

現在舉國發展的體制在 J-11B 測試項目各個階段，提供了超越 PLAAF在役 Su-27 模型的性能提升的潛力。

Air Show China, held here Oct. 31-Nov. 5, included the first official detail about the Shenyang Tai Hang engine. This turbofan powerplant is being developed for the Flanker, and is also sometimes referred to as the WS-10A. A handful of J-11B airframes are now likely being used for development testing, including at least one J-11B engine-integration aircraft.

2005年11月31日舉辦的中國空展，就有沈陽太行引擎的首次官方披露。這種渦扇推力裝置就是為側衛研發，有時被稱為WS-10A。一批 J-11B 機身像是被用來做開發測試，包括至少一架 J-11B 集成引擎戰機。

Beijing and Moscow first agreed on the Flanker sale in 1991, with a license production contract signed in 1996. The Flanker has given China its most capable fighter aircraft while also providing a vehicle for its industry to gain knowledge of fourth-generation fighter manufacturing. The first kit-built J-11A was completed in 1998. The J-11A still uses Russian engines, radar and weaponry.

北京和莫斯科在 1991 年首次同意側衛的銷售，許可生產合同簽訂于 1996 年。側衛在中國表現為能力最大的戰斗機，同時也為其工業提供一種獲得四代戰機制造知識的傳達手段。

Design and development of the Tai Hang has been underway for nearly two decades, says one senior Chinese aero-engine executive. He admits the program has proved challenging: "We hit difficulties in developing the engine."

太行的設計和開發已經進行了 20 年了，一位中國的高級航空引擎主管說。他承認這個項目證明了挑戰：“我們開發這個引擎發現困難重重。”

Chinese industry executives attending the show remain reticent to discuss the J-11B program. The executive would say only that the Tai Hang has "similar applications to the Al-31 [the present Su-27 engine]. It's of a similar thrust and is of the same technology generation." The J-11B program also includes the integration of Chinese-developed planar array pulse-Doppler radar replacing the Russian N-001 cassegrain radar, at least two versions of which are fielded by the PLAAF. An image of a J-11B, still in its primer (see top photo on p. 27), appears to show the aircraft fitted with a different radome to the basic Su-27. Given the available space for a flat-plate antenna, this would offer a performance improvement over the N-0001.

正在參觀展覽的這位中國產業主管對討論 J-11B 項目保持沉默。主管僅愿意說太行“有近似 AL-31（目前Su-27的引擎）的應用，它有接近（AL-31）推力和且是相同技術代的。”這個 J-11B 項目也包括中國開發的平面陣列脈沖多普勒雷達，替代了俄國 N-001 卡塞格倫雷達，PLAAF 至少列裝兩種版本。一張 J-11B 的圖片仍舊（見27頁頂圖）顯示戰機配有不同于原Su-27的雷達天線屏蔽器。給平板天線留有可用空間，這會提供超過 N-001 的性能躍升。

Also associated with the J-11B is the Luoyang PL-12 active radar-guided medium-range air-to-air missile. While the Chinese air force already has the Russian R-77 (AA-12 Adder) in service with the Su-27, the PL-12 offers a big performance increase over the present export standard of the Vympel R-77. Officials from the company were unable to discuss the PL-12 project.

與 J-11B 也有關的是洛陽 PL-12 主動雷達制導中程空空導彈。 中國空軍已經有了俄 R-77( AA-12 蝰蛇）與 Su-27 在役，PL-12 相對于現在出口標準版的 Vympel R-77 有巨大的性能也升。那個公司的官員不愿討論 PL-12 項目。

The initial development test-firing program for the overall PL-12 program now appears complete, with the missile at least close to service entry. It was integrated first on the J-8II for the development program. Trials of the PL-12 on the Chengdu J-10 also have been carried out.

為整個 PL-12 項目初步開發的點火測試項目現在顯示完成了，至少帶彈（測試）接近服役關口。它首先集成在為開發項目配被的 J-8II 上。在成都 J-10 上的 PL-12 的試用也已經開展。

The PL-12 does benefit from Russian technology, with the seeker and inertial guidance system provided by Moscow. A variant of the Agat 9B-1103M radar seeker is the most likely candidate for the missile. This seeker was intended initially for an improved version of the R-77, but appears to have been sold to China first.

PL-12 得益于俄羅斯技術，搜索器和慣性制導系統由莫斯科提供。Agat 9B-1103M 雷達搜索器的一個變種最像候選導彈。這種搜索器最初也有意作為 R-77 的改進版本，但好像已經首先賣給中國了。

The PLAAF currently has the capability for two-target engagement using the Su-27, R-77 combination. Successful integration of the PL-12 on the J-11B would likely provide a genuine multitarget capability and give the PLAAF a more capable air superiority aircraft.

PLAAF 目前用 Su-27、R-77 組合已經有雙目標作戰能力。在 J-11B 上 PL-12 的成功集成或許提供一種真正的多目標能力，且給 PLAAF 一種能力更強的空優戰機。

The country is also moving to fill gaps in its tactical weapons capability, and to bolster its ability to support combat aircraft export proposals with credible guided-weapons packages. The show included the presentation of several previously unseen air-launched tactical systems. Luoyang showed the LT-2 laser-guided bomb, along with the LS-6 precision-guided glide bomb (middle photo). Rival China Aerospace and Technology Corp. unveiled its FT-1 and FT-3 satellite-guided weapons family. Both are aimed at potential exports of the FC-1 light fighter, including Pakistan, and likely national requirements.

正在轉向填補戰術武器能力空缺，和擴充實力以支持戰機出口的國家建議可靠制導武器整包（出口）。這次展覽包括幾個前所未見的空射型戰術系統的代表。洛陽展示了 LT-2 激光制導炸彈、與LS-6精確制導滑翔炸彈（中間圖片）。對手中國航天科技公司披露了它的 FT-1 和 FT-3 衛星制導武器家族。均瞄準FC-1輕型戰機的潛在出口對象，包括巴基斯坦以及可能有此需求的國家。

Meanwhile, China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp. (Casic) showed the C-704 antiship missile (bottom photo), along with the C-802KD air-to-surface version of the C-802 antiship weapon.

期間，中國航天科技公司展示了C-704 反艦導彈（底部圖片）和 C-802反艦武器的空地版本 C-802KD 。

The LT-2 has been in service with the Chinese air force "for more than three years," says a Luoyang executive. The 500-kg.-class (1,100-lb.) weapon resembles the Russian KAB family. The official suggested that the laser-guided bomb has a range of up to 20 km. (12.4 mi.) from high altitude, with an average accuracy of about 2 meters (6.5 ft.).

LT-2 已經進入中國空軍服役了，“超過3 年”，一位洛陽主管說。500公斤級（1100-1b) 武器類似俄羅斯 KAB 家族。官方暗示激光制導炸彈從高海拔區有升至 20 公里的射程（12.4英里），平均精度約2米（6.5英尺）。

The LS-6 appears, in effect, a successor system, with a family of weapons planned. The official says "about a dozen" launch tests of the LS-6 precision bomb kit have been carried out using a Shenyang J-8II as the test aircraft. The program was begun in 2003, with testing now complete.

LS-6 的出現，在效能上，一個后續系統，有一系列已計劃的武器。這位官員說，“約是一打” LS-6精確炸彈成套工具的發射測試已經在沈陽用 J-8II 作為測試戰機上進行了。這個項目始于2003年，現在測試正在完成。

He identifies the JF-17--the Pakistan air force designation for the Chengdu FC-1 now in development--as the next intended aircraft for integration of the weapon. Guidance is provided by an inertial package coupled with satellite navigation. The official says the weapons family will be capable of using three systems--the U.S. GPS, the Russian Glonass and China's own Beidou system. The architecture for this system eventually foresees using five satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and up to 30 non-GEO platforms.

他確認 JF-17 -- 巴基斯坦空軍指派給現在開發的成都 FC-1，作為下次訂購集成武器的戰機。 制導由配有衛星導航的慣性制導打包提供。這位官員說這種武器家族將能使用三種系統：美國 GPS、俄國 Glonass 和中國自己的北斗系統。這個系統的架構最終預計用上位于地球同步軌道和多至 30 顆非同步軌道平臺上的 5 顆衛星。

The 500-kg. LS-6 has a maximum launch range of 60 km. from medium altitude. A 1,000-kg. kit has also been considered, although this requires a larger wing. A 250-kg. variant is in the pipeline as well. Also under study is the addition of a laser seeker.

500公斤 LS-6 從中等海拔發射有 60 公里最大射程 ，1000 公斤成套的也已可期望達到，盡管需要更大飛行翼。250 公斤的變種正在生產線上，激光搜索器的附件還在研究中。

The two weapons shown by Casic cover the 250-kg. and 500-kg. class. The FT-1 bears a resemblance to the U.S. Joint Direct Attack Munition. Development began in 2001, according to a company executive. Tests have been carried out from a Xian JH-7. Range of the FT-1 is given as up to 18 km., depending on the release altitude and aircraft speed, with an accuracy of "30 meters, or less." Casic subsidiary China National Precision Machinery Import & Export Corp. is responsible for the C-704. At least a small batch of the antiship missile has been produced.

CASIC 展示的這兩種武器為 250 公斤和 500 公斤級的。FT-1 與美國 JDAM 具有類同之處。開發始于 2001 年，據一位公司主管說。測試在 西安 JH-7 上已經開展了。FT-1 既定射程提高到 18公里，有賴于發射地海拔高度和戰機速度，精度為“30米或更小。” CASIC 補充說中國國家精密機械進出口公司負責 C-704 ， 至少小批量反艦導彈已經生產了。

The design is strongly reminiscent of the Hongdu JJ/TL-6 antiship missile, although dimensions and performance figures for the two vary slightly. Data provided for the C-704 give the monopulse active-radar-guided missile a maximum engagement range of 35 km.

設計有強烈的洪都 JJ/TL-6 反艦導彈的色彩，盡管尺度和性能稍稍變細。提供給 C-704 的數據給單脈沖主動雷達制導導彈的作戰半徑達 35 公里。

The company is also offering a further variant of its C-802 antiship missile. The air-launched C-802KD is claimed to be capable of engaging ships in harbor or some fixed land targets. Given that the missile is fitted with a radar seeker only, land targets would need to provide a high radar contrast.

這家公司還提供更多 C-802 反艦導彈的變種。空射型 C-802KD 聲稱能打擊海港戰艦或固定陸地目標。給這種導彈配上雷達搜索器，陸地目標需要提供一個雷達對照 。

An electro-optically guided medium-size air-launched weapon in a similar class to the C-802 is under development in China. This program almost certainly corresponds to the KD-88 designation.

電光調制導中等尺寸的空射武器類似 C-802 在中國處于開發中。這個項目某種意義上相當于 KD-88 的名稱。

The first indications of a measured shift in Sino-Russian relations could be detected in the outcome of the ongoing "push and shove" between Beijing and Moscow over the provision of a Russian engine for the FC-1 light fighter. The aircraft is a joint development between China and Pakistan.

中俄關系平衡移動的首個跡象可由正在北京和莫斯科之間關于FC-1輕型戰機的俄國引擎的問題上進行的“推-擠”的成果檢測出來了。

Chinese and Russian aerospace executives are maintaining China's FC-1 light fighter will be provided to Pakistan with a Russian engine, though this is still pending political approval from Moscow. The Russian government has yet to approve the release, with suggestions that Moscow might nix a deal to avoid jeopardizing sales to India.

中俄航空主管正在維護中國將供給巴基斯坦有俄制引擎的FC-1 輕型戰機。盡管這需要莫斯科后續的政治上正式批準。俄國政府在莫斯科建議竭力避免銷售危害印度的情況下，依然正式批準了這次出口。

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摘自:http://zhonghuajunshi.blog.china.com/200801/1794561.html

原譯者:中華軍事007

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