為什么白色迷你雪納瑞是不被認(rèn)可的？

魁罡

Why Not White Miniature Schnauzers?
為什么白色迷你雪納瑞是不被認(rèn)可的？
We frequently receive questions about white Miniature Schnauzers. Very often they have been advertised as a "rare" form of the breed. The Canadian and American Breed Standards both say that white is a disqualifying fault. That is to say, it automatically disqualifies a dog from being shown in conformation in North America. While it is true that some other versions of the Breed Standard allow white, we in Canada and the USA use our own Standards as the guideline for the breed's development here.
我們經(jīng)常會(huì)收到一些關(guān)于白色迷你雪納瑞的問題，而白色迷你雪納瑞也經(jīng)常被作為一個(gè)所謂的稀有品種而大做廣告，。對(duì)于白色來說，加拿大和美國(guó)的犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理都認(rèn)為這是不被認(rèn)可的。這就是說，在整個(gè)北美洲，白色迷你雪納瑞自動(dòng)得失去了成為賽級(jí)犬的可能。然而，同樣值得關(guān)注的是，也有一些犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是接受白色迷你雪納瑞的。在這里，我們這些在加拿大和美國(guó)的業(yè)內(nèi)人士謹(jǐn)用我們自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為犬種發(fā)展的方針指南。
Responsible breeders work towards the improvement of the breed. They respect the Standard as the "blueprint" of what the breed is designed to be, and within that framework, they develop their own "lines", or "recognizable type". Breeders who deliberately depart from the Standard do so for their own reasons, just as some will deliberately breed crosses to other breeds. While some may legitimately seek to develop "new" breeds, or have a preference for other Standards, some have other motivations. Beware of anyone who suggests that these crosses or "rare" departures from the Standard are in any way more "valuable".
有責(zé)任感的繁殖者們都在為推動(dòng)犬種改進(jìn)而努力工作著，他們尊重既有的犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，作為他們發(fā)展的藍(lán)本，在此框架之內(nèi)，他們也發(fā)展出自己的“創(chuàng)新的線路”或者“說是可以被公認(rèn)的類型。”。那些故意從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角度出發(fā)的繁殖者們也是為自己尋找如此作業(yè)的一些理由，只是因?yàn)樗麄冏约汗室獾膶⒁恍┢贩N和其他的品種進(jìn)行交叉。然后，有些人可能恰好發(fā)展出一個(gè)新的品種，或者是更偏愛起他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或者其他的一些動(dòng)機(jī)。不管從哪方面的意義上來說，我們對(duì)于任何建議違背標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而通過交叉繁殖出稀有品種采取堤防的態(tài)度都是有價(jià)值的。
These following two articles both address the question of white Miniature Schnauzers from a North American perspective.
下面的兩篇文章都是從北美洲觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)的關(guān)于白色迷你雪納瑞的問題的探討。
白色雪納瑞
by Catherine McMiIlan
作者：Catherine McMiIlan
Why not white?
為什么不是白色的呢？
According to early German records, some of the founding dogs in the Miniature Schnauzer breed had white or yellow dams. White MS
occurred with frequency during the early years of the breed both in Europe and the US. Many breeds record similar occurrences of "off" colours early in development.
從一些早期的德國(guó)人的記載來看，一些迷你雪納瑞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最初的犬只有白色或者黃色的，白色迷你雪納瑞頻繁的出現(xiàn)在早期的歐洲或者美國(guó)。在發(fā)展的早期，很多犬種也都相似的出現(xiàn)一些不同的顏色。
The breeders who pioneered the Miniature Schnauzer had a specific goal in mind - to produce a smaller version of the well established Standard Schnauzer. To this end crosses with smaller breeds such as the affenspinscher, toy spitz and perhaps poodle were employed. Early litters could record both Miniature Schnauzers and Miniature Pinschers in the same litter. Early pedigrees were informal - type, coat and colour could play as much a determining factor in assigning breed as did the actual pedigree.
那些迷你雪納瑞的先驅(qū)們對(duì)于繁殖出比既有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雪納瑞更小的品種充滿著特別的興趣。這種交叉繁殖的最終結(jié)果就是選擇了一些諸如Affenpinscher艾芬篤賓犬（猴面梗），toy spitz （我不知道中文里面叫什么），也可能是貴賓犬。同樣的幼犬，被記錄為迷你雪納瑞和迷你品。早期的血統(tǒng)紀(jì)錄是比較不太規(guī)范的，毛以及顏色可能被作為一個(gè)確定的因素來確立一個(gè)品種或者作為一個(gè)世紀(jì)的血統(tǒng)。
As the goal was to produce a miniature version of the Standard some of the traits introduced by those breeds were obviously undesirable. One of these was the colour white. German breeders reported destroying such puppies at birth. If the breed was to advance to its imagined ideal, such dogs indicated a regression of type and were discarded. 為了繁殖出一種源自標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雪納瑞的迷你品種，哪些品種的某些特性被介入顯然是不合時(shí)宜的。其中之一，就是白色。據(jù)說，德國(guó)的繁殖者們?cè)谀切┯兹錾臅r(shí)候就將他們淘汰了。如果一個(gè)品種被按照想象隨意發(fā)展，那么這個(gè)品種將意味著衰退甚至消失。
While it can be argued that today's MS might not meet with total approval of breeders from the turn of the century, the MS community has more or less adhered to the original concept - a miniature (albeit glamorized) version of the Standard Schnauzer.世紀(jì)之交的今天，雖然迷你雪納瑞仍然被所有未經(jīng)認(rèn)可的繁殖者們的激烈討論，但是，迷你雪納納瑞愛好者們還在或多或少的追隨者最初的理念——迷你雪納瑞源自標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雪納瑞。
Some advocates of the white MS have pointed out that the black & silver MS also has no counterpart in the Standard. This is true, and prevented the recognition of this colour for many years in some countries. However, the black & silver does not represent a dramatic departure from the salt & pepper colour pattern. Furthermore, breeder acceptance through the years came about largely through the realization that this third colour was occurring with varying frequency through important and influential producing lines. It did not try to reenter the breed "through the back door" of puppy mills.
一些白色迷你雪納瑞的擁護(hù)者們指出，黑銀色的迷你雪納瑞也并沒有黑銀色的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雪納瑞作為對(duì)應(yīng)啊。這是事實(shí)，而且，為了避免黑銀色被認(rèn)可，在一些國(guó)家已經(jīng)作了很多年的努力。可是，不管如何，黑銀色并不是作為椒鹽色的生動(dòng)演繹而出現(xiàn)的，此外，繁殖者們經(jīng)過很學(xué)多年才在較大范圍內(nèi)接受了這個(gè)顏色是基于一個(gè)事實(shí)：對(duì)于一些重要的而且具備影響力的繁殖系譜來說，這個(gè)第三種顏色的出現(xiàn)是一個(gè)通過頻繁的交叉改變而出現(xiàn)的后果。這不是夠販子們盡力通過一些特殊手腕實(shí)現(xiàn)重新認(rèn)可一個(gè)品種。（這里的狗販子不是指販賣狗的人，而是指專門繁殖小狗來出售的人，與breeder的理念是不同的，下面都是一樣，不在另外說明）
With the exception of a very few recent European imports who have yet to have any impact on modern successful show lines, the pedigrees of white MS trace, almost to a dog, to puppy mills and commercial breeders.
除了近來的很少的一些歐州的入口以外，那些仍然對(duì)一些現(xiàn)代成功的賽級(jí)犬系譜有一定的影響，白色迷你雪納瑞的血統(tǒng)只是對(duì)一條犬，一個(gè)狗販子，或者僅是出于商業(yè)貿(mào)易的目的的繁殖者還有一點(diǎn)意義。（這段翻譯的好像不太準(zhǔn)確。）
And therein lies a problem. Puppy mills are notorious for issuing fraudulent pedigrees, representing crossbreds as purebred and capitalizing on "rare" colours. It does not take a huge leap to imagine the potential of a Westie cross or two in such a profit motivated setting.
而那其實(shí)說了謊言，狗販子們已經(jīng)因?yàn)槠墼p性的血統(tǒng)、講雜交狗說成純種狗，或者利用一些稀有的顏色而變得身敗名裂。不難想象，一兩個(gè)西部的交叉繁殖只是基于一個(gè)有利可圖的動(dòng)機(jī)。
Regardless of the origin of a white MS born today, whether it be of certified European lineage or pet store stock, it is a disqualifying fault. A white MS is no more valuable than an oversize, undersize (micro-mini:?) or monorchid.
不管今天出生的白色迷你雪納瑞來源于那里，他是否是被證實(shí)的歐派的血統(tǒng)或者只是寵物店的一個(gè)商品。他都是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的失格。一個(gè)白色雪納瑞并不會(huì)比一個(gè)體形太大的，或者太小的或者是單睪丸的迷你雪納瑞具有更大的價(jià)值。
To suggest that such colours be allowed in the ring undermines the very essence of what makes a purebred dog.
Unacceptable colours are considered such because they represent crossbreeding or a departure from breed type that is so serious that a dog is considered unfit to represent its breed.
需要說明的是這種白色被接受，將會(huì)是對(duì)繁殖一個(gè)純種犬的巨大傷害。它之所以被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)無法接受的顏色，是因?yàn)樗麄儼缪萘艘粋€(gè)雜交或者與犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相違背的角色。而這對(duì)于一只狗是否還被認(rèn)為屬于他的既有的品種是如此的嚴(yán)肅的事情。
Breed standards come about as a result of history, function and arbitrary decision that some features make a breed - and some do not. In breeds such as the MS, it was recognized that some undesirable colours had the potential to lurk in the genes from the long distant past and these were specifically mentioned in order that there would be no confusion about their undesirability. In other words, white colour was a step backward and had no place in the progress of the breed.
犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的形成是一個(gè)歷史、功能以及對(duì)于是否屬于這個(gè)犬種的特征的明辨的結(jié)果。在犬種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，比如迷你雪納瑞，不被認(rèn)可的顏色是過去長(zhǎng)期潛伏的隱性基因，而且為了讓這些不被認(rèn)可的顏色被混淆，這也被非常明確的提及。換句話說，白色也是一種倒退，對(duì)于犬種未來的發(fā)展沒有任何地位。
If breeds did not adhere to a specific shape, form, and colour range, or if breeders disregarded this blueprint, the breed would degenerate to the point that it would hardly resemble the breed at all.. Selective breeding does not just create breeds - it preserves them as well. This is particularly true of more modern breeds such as our own.
如果一個(gè)犬種不在追隨他的特殊的外形、體態(tài)、色域（被接受的顏色范圍），或者如果繁殖者們模式這個(gè)規(guī)則或者說是計(jì)劃，犬種將會(huì)最終退化到他的相似的品種上。選擇性繁殖，不只是創(chuàng)造出品種。而是要盡可能的保持好這個(gè)品種。對(duì)于更現(xiàn)代的品種來說，這是一個(gè)顯然意見的事實(shí)，譬如我們今天已經(jīng)擁有的品種。
The majority of breeders have respect for the history and standard of the Miniature Schnauzer and as a result the successful show lines can be considered free of this recessive colour gene.
絕大部分的繁殖者們已經(jīng)開始重視迷你雪納瑞的的歷史和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而且，作為成功繁殖出賽級(jí)犬系譜的繁殖者們很容易就看出這是隱性顏色基因的結(jié)果。
However, as the few continue to exploit this fault for profit, responsible breeders must be diligent when assessing pedigrees of bitches they service or puppies they acquire. If they don t, a fault that was successfully eliminated 30 years ago could infiltrate North American show lines. A MS recently finished in the USA, and unbeknownst to the owners of her sire - she carries a white great-great grandmother in her pedigree. Time will tell if this and other such crosses will reveal themselves in subsequent generations when their recessive carrying descendants finally meet!
然而，因?yàn)闃O少數(shù)人仍然繼續(xù)利用這樣的缺陷來牟利，有責(zé)任感的繁殖者們當(dāng)他們?cè)u(píng)定用于繁殖的母犬或者獲得幼犬的系譜時(shí)，他們應(yīng)該更加細(xì)心。如果他們不這樣做，一個(gè)30年前成功消除的缺陷可能將重新滲透到北美洲的賽級(jí)犬系譜里。一個(gè)迷你雪納瑞可能在最近在美國(guó)登陸，對(duì)于他的擁有者來說——她擁有了一個(gè)白色偉大的祖母在他的血統(tǒng)里。時(shí)間將會(huì)證明，如果他和其他諸如此類的交叉繁殖將會(huì)顯現(xiàn)在他們自己的下一代里面，因?yàn)樗麄冏罱K將這種隱性基因傳遞了下去。

Why Not White?
為什么白色迷你雪納瑞不被認(rèn)可
by Marcia Feld
作者：Marcia Feld
Why Not White?
by Marcia Feld
First, please understand that any an AKC registration means only that the parents of the dog were also registered with AKC and the validity of that registration depends on the integrity of the persons doing the registering. For instance, a woman in the hospital with a new baby can name any male as the father of that infant. The integrity of the birth certificate depends on her, not the registry. Any dog may be registered with the AKC as long as both of its parents were also AKC registered. That registration says nothing about the quality of the dog. You ask a very legitimate question, why are whites so bad? Let me try to answer that on a very simple level. There is a written definitition of what each breed shall be. That definition dates back to the origin of the breed and is on paper for anyone interested to read. This definition is what makes a Great Dane a Great Dane, a Poodle a Poodle, a Dalmation a Dalmation, etc. etc. etc.. It is not up to each of us to decide that we would like to change each of these breeds because we "like it" or "find it appealing".
首先，請(qǐng)明白，任何一個(gè)在akc（美國(guó)狗會(huì)）注冊(cè)的犬都只意味著他們的父母雙親也必然在akc（美國(guó)狗會(huì)）注冊(cè)的。而注冊(cè)的有效性依賴于一個(gè)人在進(jìn)行注冊(cè)的時(shí)候的真實(shí)性。比如說，一位女士在醫(yī)院里面誕生了一個(gè)嬰兒，這個(gè)嬰兒可能會(huì)跟隨他父親的姓。正是的出生證明依賴于這位女士，而不是登機(jī)者。只要父母代都是在akc注冊(cè)的，那么任何一只狗都可能被注冊(cè)。這個(gè)注冊(cè)說明不能說明這個(gè)狗的品質(zhì)。你問一個(gè)非常合理的問題，為什么白色就不好呢，讓我盡可能非常簡(jiǎn)單的告訴你答案：每一個(gè)品種都已經(jīng)被非常清晰的標(biāo)明了。那些非常精確清晰的數(shù)據(jù)從一個(gè)品種的起源的時(shí)候就有了，而這對(duì)于任何一個(gè)有興趣了解的人都是白紙黑字的非常明顯的。這種精確清晰的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也讓我們知道了大丹為什么是大丹，貴賓為什么是貴賓，大麥町（斑點(diǎn)狗）為什么就是大麥町（斑點(diǎn)狗）等等等等。這不是由我們所決定的，我們也不能因?yàn)槲覀兿矚g，或者自以為發(fā)現(xiàn)就去改變了一個(gè)犬種的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Adhering to these definitions is what retains the individuality of the breed. Breeding to the definition is the challenge for the breeder. A brown Dalmation might be cute - but he is no longer a dal; a tiny Great Dane would be more easily kept - but he is no longer a Great Dane, and a hard coated Poodle would be easier to groom, but he wouldn't be a poodle. And in that same light, a white schnauzer is no longer a schnauzer; he is disqualified because he does not meet the definition of that breed. The little white schnauzer is not "bad". He is simply not a good specimen of the breed. I would suggest that the person who likes a small white terrier seriously consider the purchase of a Westie. (By the way, the Westie wouldn't be a Westie if he were any color other than white.)

而對(duì)于這種精確清晰的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的追隨和擁護(hù)，也正是每一個(gè)犬種還能保持特征的原因所在。對(duì)于繁殖者來說，飼養(yǎng)出更接近于這種精確清晰的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一種挑戰(zhàn)。一個(gè)棕色的大麥町可能是很可愛的——但是，他已經(jīng)不再是一個(gè)大麥町，一個(gè)小一點(diǎn)的大丹可能更容易飼養(yǎng)——但是，他也不再是大丹。同理，一個(gè)白色的雪納瑞，也將不是一個(gè)雪納瑞，它是失格的，因?yàn)樗荒芊弦粋€(gè)犬種的既有的精確清晰的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。白色的小雪納瑞（這里作者已經(jīng)不說迷你雪納瑞了），對(duì)于只是做為一個(gè)繁殖過程中的標(biāo)本來說，也不算壞。我要建議，那些喜歡白色的小型埂犬的人認(rèn)真地思考一下，可以考慮購(gòu)買西部高地白埂（順便說一下，如果西高不是白色的，那它也就不是細(xì)高了）