Understanding and Managing Sudden Death in Fattening Pigs During Summer

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Summer = danger! High temperature often leads to digestive upset in pigs, and farmers often experience sudden deaths in fattening pigs, making preventive measures an economic necessity, write Dr Vincent Couture and Dr Yannig Le Treut from Lallemand Animal Nutrition (France).

Sudden death or HBS (haemorrhagic bowel syndrome)Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) causes the sudden death of 4-6 month-old fattening pigs (70-120kg). Usually, there is no clinical or pathological previous history, and no warning signs that could alert the farmer. In most of the cases, the weight and health conditions of the affected animals are perfectly normal. As a result, the diagnosis of HBS is mainly done post-mortem. HBS can account for up to one-third of total fattening mortality. Out of 1.2 million pigs monitored in fattening, Straw (2002) calculated 1.2% losses in total, of which 30.4% and 27.6% were linked to enterotoxaemia during the first and second years, respectively.
Why is summer a high-risk period?When the temperature rises, both feed hygiene and animal behavior are affected. High temperature leads to the development of potential pathogenic microbes in liquid feed. It has been observed that heat stress affects pig feeding behavior, with changes in both feeding frequency and feed intake, with pigs often only eating at night, resulting in either too rapid consumption or over-consumption. These tendencies are compounded by the animals’ natural tendency to eat more but less often as they get older. Furthermore, heavier pigs are less able to dissipate heat.
The changes in feed intake will in turn slow down, or even nearly halt to a once-a-day feeding. The large quantity of highly fermentable substrate in the digestive tract will thus favor excessive fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract due to the development of endogenous or exogenous gas-producing bacteria.

Excessive gas production results in intestinal distension and compression, leading to a constriction of blood flow and lack of oxygen to gastrointestinal tissue. This phase is followed by the release of toxins by anaerobic bacteria. Abdominal pressure, linked to the mechanical activity caused by the gorging effect and the animal movements lead to the torsion of the digestive tract. This succession of events can finally cause the animal’s sudden death.
Key Factors for SuccessWhile there is no treatment or effective solution to eradicate summer sudden deaths, some key success factors have been identified to help prevent the fatal culmination of effects.

• Feed safety and intestinal balanceSince hot weather favors microbial over-growth, maintaining optimal hygiene on the farm is a key target. Indeed, high hygiene standards should be maintained at three levels: the feed, feeding equipment and also the animal gut microflora. Let’s not forget that an adult pig is home to 2kg of microbes!
• Feeding behaviorThe objective is to maintain appetite and ensure regular feed intake.

Benefits of Lactic Acid BacteriaNumerous scientific studies and farm observations show that directing the feed fermentation by the addition of lactic acid bacteria (the homofermentative strain P. acidilactici MA 18/5M – or Bactocell- produces high levels of lactic acid and is authorized in EU as feed additive in fattening pigs), can help meet these key summer objectives.

• Feed safetyBecause it increases lactic acid concentration in the feed, Bactocell decreases feed pH and ensures optimal hygiene in the feed and the equipment (formation of a positive biofilm over the surfaces).
• Intestinal balanceBecause Bactocell also produces lactic acid in the gut, it will create an acidic environment that favors the development of lactobacillus-type microflora, which will compete for nutrients with certain opportunistic bacteria such as salmonella and clostridia.
• Feeding behaviorBactocell improves the smell and palatability of liquid feed. This results in less feed refusal and more consistent feeding behavior. Liquid feed remains fresh for longer periods allowing smaller, less developed pigs to consume quality feed. More uniformity in both meal siza and animals helps prevent overfeeding by certain individuals, which could ignite the enterotoxaemia process.

Field Trial EfficacyDuring summer 2007, a French commercial farm, which was usually affected by sudden death implemented the probiotic Bactocell in liquid feed. The following data speak for themselves.

July 2008

maple_niu

提高適口性、高能量飼料、飼喂時間、降溫措施是有效的措施。