親營養(yǎng)素可替代抗生素飼料添加劑

apple12151007 · 發(fā)表于 2010-8-20 11:25:04

　　李凱年逯德山編譯(吉林出入境檢驗檢疫局 130062)

　　By Dr Jaime Borrell - The intensification of animal production has been made possible mainly due to the advances made in the field of genetics.PART I: INTRODUCTIONThe current tendency at a worldwide level is to reduce the use of chemical substances with prophylactic character, permitting their use only for therapeutic means.目前，由于抗生素飼料添加劑的副作用日益明顯，減少和限制使用抗生素飼料添加劑預(yù)防動物疫病已經(jīng)成為全世界的發(fā)展趨勢。在許多發(fā)達(dá)國家，抗生素只被允許用于治療的目的。Therefore the investigation on efficient alternatives has been so necessary.因此，研究有效的抗生素飼料添加劑替代物勢在必行，為世界各國科學(xué)界和飼養(yǎng)業(yè)高度重視，研制抗生素飼料添加劑替代物已經(jīng)取得了明顯進展。One of these alternatives is the application of the latest advances in nutrition to strengthen and maintain the health condition of the animal.其中一種替代方法是采用可以增強營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收和保持動物健康方面的最新研究進展。近幾年來，關(guān)于親營養(yǎng)素(pronutrient)的作用引起了人們的關(guān)注。
　　1親營養(yǎng)素的定義與來源
　　1950年代中期，Gordon Rosen博士首次將親營養(yǎng)素定義為動物飼料中的一種微量成分 I.1 DEFINITION AND ORIGIN OF PRONUTRIENTS，具有與任何其他營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)不同的生理學(xué)和微生物學(xué)功能。This definition corresponds with the description of the E.U about "ingredient for feed animal ".這一定義符合歐盟關(guān)于“動物飼料成分”的描述。根據(jù)親營養(yǎng)素的來源與功能，Gordon Rosen博士Rosen classified the pronutrients in four groups according to their origin and function:將親營養(yǎng)素分成為4類: Microbial pronutrients微生物親營養(yǎng)素(Microbial pronutrients);Antimicrobial pronutrients抗微生物親營養(yǎng)素(Antimicrobial pronutrients);Feed conditioners (compacters, flavours, oxidation inhibiters)飼料調(diào)理劑(Feed conditioners);Prophylactics預(yù)防性親營養(yǎng)素(Prophylactics) 。
　　This first classification admitted the bacterial, vegetal and mineral origin of the pronutrients.這種首次分類將親營養(yǎng)素的來源分成細(xì)菌、植物和礦物質(zhì)。由于這種分類也使Since this first classification by Dr. Gordon Rosen the feed industry and legislation have changed considerably making a revision of the definition, the classification and the origin of the pronutrients necessary.飼料工業(yè)和立法發(fā)生很大的變化，有必要對親營養(yǎng)素的定義、分類和來源作出修改。
　　We consider that the definition of Dr. Gordon Rosen should be maintained and that only the classification and origin of the pronutrients should be revised.我們認(rèn)為，Gordon Rosen博士的定義應(yīng)予維持，只是在分類與來源上加以修改。This way a pronutrient is still defined as a microingredient included in the feed formulation in relatively small quantities in order to improve the physiology and the intrinsic nutritional value and to prevent the presence of pathogenes.這樣，將親營養(yǎng)素仍定義為動物飼料中的一種微量成分 I.1 DEFINITION AND ORIGIN OF PRONUTRIENTS，具有與任何其他營養(yǎng)素不同的生理學(xué)和微生物學(xué)功能。Eventhough the early classification mixed concepts like origin and function, it seems more apropriate to classify pronutrients according to their function:早期的分類可能混淆了親營養(yǎng)素來源與功能，按照其功能進行如下分類可能更恰當(dāng)：Intestinal conditioners腸道調(diào)理劑(Intestinal conditioners) ;腸道優(yōu)化劑(Intestinal optimizers)Intestinal optimizers;Hepatic protectors肝保護劑(Hepatic protectors);Immune modulator免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑 (Immune modulator);礦物質(zhì)吸收促進劑Mineral absorption promoters(Mineral absorption promoters);Feed conditioners (flavours, encimes, oxidation inhibiters)飼料調(diào)節(jié)劑(Feed conditioners);Anti free radicals抗自由基(Anti free radicals);Epithelium optimizers上皮優(yōu)化劑(Epithelium optimizers);Hypophyseal conditioners垂體調(diào)理劑(Hypophyseal conditioners);Ruminal and intestinal prebiotics瘤胃及腸道益生劑(Ruminal and intestinal prebiotics)。
　　We consider that the origin of pronutrients should be restricted to vegetal and microbiological, thus excluding pronutrients of animal or mineral origin.我們認(rèn)為，親營養(yǎng)素應(yīng)限于植物和微生物，因此排除了動物或礦物質(zhì)。This leads us to consider pronutrients as complex organic molecules capable of regulating or stimulating the physiology without any pharmacological effect or nutritional constituents.這可以使我們認(rèn)為親營養(yǎng)素是一種復(fù)雜的有機分子，能夠調(diào)理或刺激生理學(xué)反應(yīng)而無任何藥理作用或營養(yǎng)成分。 The vitamins and quelated minerals could also in concept be considered part of this group but their inclusion as additives with a specific group within the European legislation permits us to consider them as close elements with their own characteristics.
　　2I.2.主要親營養(yǎng)素的分類與作用PRINCIPLE PRONUTRIENT GROUPS
　　2.1CONDITIONERS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCUS腸粘膜調(diào)理劑
　　腸粘膜調(diào)理劑可以保持Maintain the physiological condition of the intestinal tract, by maintaining its digestive function, its nutrient absorption of the intestinal content and its prevention of the fixation of pathogenic bacteria to the enterocytes.腸道的生理狀態(tài)，保持其消化功能，促進腸道內(nèi)容物中營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收，防止腸道致病菌定植于腸細(xì)胞。由于親營養(yǎng)素既不改變腸道菌群，也不需要停藥期，因此，可以有效地替代抗生素飼料添加劑而起到抗生素飼料添加劑的作用The are considered an efficient alternative for the antibiotic growth promoters as they, unlike the antibiotic growth promoters, do not alter the intestinal flora nor do they need a withdrawal time.。
　　2.2腸粘膜優(yōu)化劑
　　腸粘膜優(yōu)化劑可以增強腸粘膜及其局部的Strengthen the intestinal mucus and its local immunity.免疫力。由于其既沒有耐藥性也沒有毒性作用，因此，可以They are considered an efficient alternative to the chemical coccidiostatics, as they do not create resistances nor have a toxic effect.有效替代化學(xué)抗球蟲劑。
　　2.3HEPATO PROTECTORS肝保護劑
　　肝保護劑可以促進Act specifically in the liver, promoting the hepatic detoxification and having an oxidation inhibiting action.肝臟解毒及氧化抑制作用，使肝細(xì)胞保持最The optimal functioning of the hepatocyte assures an efficient detoxification, protecting it from the damage produced by mycotoxins and other contaminants: antibiotics, anthelmintics and diverse chemical substances.佳的功能，保證有效的肝解毒作用，防止真菌毒素及其他污染物如抗生素、驅(qū)蟲劑及有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的損害。因此，可以有效替代輔助性肝保護劑。
　　2.4IMMUNE ENHANCERS免疫增強劑
　　如果免疫增強劑與Its use is of special interest if it is combined with the administration of vaccines.疫苗合并使用可以Increase the immune response.提高免疫反應(yīng)。
　　2.5礦物質(zhì)PROMOTERS OF MINERAL ABSORPTION吸收促進劑
　　礦物質(zhì)PROMOTERS OF MINERAL ABSORPTION吸收促進劑可以促進礦物質(zhì)Favour the absorption, bio-availability and use of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the feed.吸收，提高礦物質(zhì)生物利用率和飼料中鈣、磷、錳的利用。主要是可以提高產(chǎn)蛋量，改善蛋殼的質(zhì)量以及補償由某些情況如熱應(yīng)激、飼料中真菌毒素、繼發(fā)性感染及其他原因引起的礦物質(zhì)缺乏。
　　2.6FEED OPTIMIZER飼料優(yōu)化劑
　　飼料優(yōu)化劑可以通過產(chǎn)生香味、酶或酚類防腐劑等Maintain or improve the characteristics of the feed by contributing flavours, enzymes or preservative agents of the phenolic type.保持或改善飼料的性狀。
　　2.7ANTI FREE RADICALS抗自由基親營養(yǎng)素
　　抗自由基親營養(yǎng)素可以結(jié)合Bind the free radicals to the tissues (O2 y OH-) which are generated enzymatically through the Xantina/XO system and non-enzymatically through the system NADH-metosulphate of fenacine.自由基，因此，是They are considered a natural alternative to the synthetic anti-inflammatories.一個可以替代合成抗炎劑的天然物質(zhì)。
　　2.8上皮調(diào)理劑CONDITIONERS OF THE EPITHILIOS
　　上皮調(diào)理劑可以促進皮膚、呼吸道、腎小管、腎盂等主要上皮Favour the physiology of the principle epithelios: skin, respiratory, kidney (tubular) and transitional (renal pelvis).的生理學(xué)功能。
　　2.9CONDITIONER OF THE HYPOPHYSEAL垂體調(diào)理劑
　　垂體調(diào)理劑可以促進前列腺素前體三烯脂肪酸的Favour the bio-synthesis of the prostaglandines contributing fatty trienoic acids which are precursors of these prostaglandines.生物合成。因此，是They are considered a natural alternative to the synthetic anti-inflammatories.一種激素的天然替代物質(zhì)。
　　2.10RUMINAL AND INTESTINAL PREBIOTICS瘤胃及腸道益生劑
　　瘤胃及腸道益生劑可以Stimulate the growth of intestinal and ruminal bacteria.刺激腸道和瘤胃中的細(xì)菌生長。The ruminal bacteria of more interest are the cellulolytes whose activity produces an increase in TVFA and proponic acid (glucogenic).瘤胃細(xì)菌的作用主要是可以分解纖維素，使TVFA和proponic酸(糖元)增加。腸道細(xì)菌的作用主要是嗜酸菌可以使細(xì)菌素和乳酸增加。
　　3PART II: CONDITIONERS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCUS 腸粘膜調(diào)理劑的作用機理與飼喂效果
　　3.1II.1 DESCRIPTION AND ACTION MECHANISM作用機理
　　腸粘膜調(diào)理劑可以保持The conditioners of the intestinal mucus maintain or restore the physiological condition of the digestive tract.或修復(fù)消化道的生理狀態(tài)。Its action is based on the functional character (digestion), absorption and control of the colonizing flora.其作用是基于腸粘膜的功能特性(消化)、吸收和控制定植的菌群。來源于The pronutrients act together as conditioners of the intestinal mucus eventhough they come from natural plant extracts with different functions.有不同功能的天然植物提取物可以起到腸粘膜調(diào)理劑的作用。
　　①主要存在于生姜根莖中的Gingerol and Shognol present in Zingiber Officinalis (belonging to the family of the Zingiberaceae).姜酚和姜烯酚。
　　②主要存在于石榴果實中的Delphinidin diglycoside and malvidine pentosa glycoside present in Punica Granatum (belonging to the family of the Punicaceae).飛燕草色素和二甲花翠素。
　　③主要存在于木橘果實中的二甲烯丙基氧呋喃并苯并吡喃酮Marmelide present in Aegle Marmelos (belonging to the family of the Rutaceae), found mainly in the fruit.。
　　④主要存在于千屈菜花中的Ellagic acid present in Woodforida Fructicosa (belonging to the family of the Lythraceae) found mainly in the flower.鞣花酸。
　　⑤主要存在于止瀉木樹皮中的止瀉木堿。
　　Each of these pronutrients has a specific action mechanism for the digestive tract, effecting either the digestive function or the absorption of the nutrients of the intestinal content.上述親營養(yǎng)素對消化道都有特殊的作用機理。或影響消化功能或影響腸道中營養(yǎng)物的吸收。簡言之，親營養(yǎng)素的作用機理In short, the pronutrients ac如下如下如下：
　　①可以使stabilizing the intestinal peristalsis, improving the adecuate transit of the nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals, electrolites….) through the lumen, allowing for its optimal absorption.腸蠕動保持穩(wěn)定、提高營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(蛋白質(zhì)、維生素、礦物質(zhì)、電解質(zhì)等)的充分運送，使?fàn)I養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在腸道中得到最佳的吸收。
　　②contributing to the formation of an exclusion gel.有助于形成一種排斥凝膠。這種This gel is made of an array of polysacharrides that permit the separation of the molecules according to their size, facilitating the absorption of the smaller molecules.凝膠以多聚糖排列構(gòu)成，可以使分子按大小分開，便于較小分子的吸收。此外，Also, this gel acts as a base for the growth of certain bacteria (acidophils) that act as probiotics impeding the development and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria.這凝膠還可以作為某些細(xì)菌生長的基礎(chǔ)(嗜酸性細(xì)菌)。這些細(xì)菌可以作為益生菌阻止致病菌的發(fā)育和繁殖。嗜酸性細(xì)菌通過合成嗜酸菌素以及某些酶如過氧化物酶產(chǎn)生The probiotic action produced by the acidophil bacteria which synthesize substances such as acidophiline, cataboline and certain enzymes like peroxidase.益生作用。
　　③有助于氣體的favour the reabsorption of the gas.再吸收。
　　④maintain the physiological condition of the intestinal mucus.維持腸道粘膜的生理狀態(tài).
　　3.2飼喂效果
　　通過飼喂試驗II.2 Results of effecacy in vivo: Results obtained in industrial chickenComparison of the efficacy of pronutrients and antibiotic growth promoters.比較了抗生素生長促進劑與親營養(yǎng)素的效果。在During a period of 45 days two types of treatment were administered and the following parametres were analyzed:45天中給動物兩種處理并用下述5個參數(shù)進行效果分析評價: ①% deaths死亡率(%);②% accumulated deaths累計死亡(%);③average weight平均體重;④average daily weight gain (ADWG)平均日增重(ADWG);⑤feed conversion (FC)飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率(FC)。The following two types of treatment that were administered:兩種處理如下:
　　Treatment 2: the animals were treated with a pronutrient that substituted the avilamicine, maintaining intact the rest of the treatment, with the following dosis處理Treatment 1: the animals were treated with an antibiotic growth promoter and chemical coccidiostatics belonging to the family of the carbanilides and the group of the ionophores, with the following dosis: Avilamicine (0-44 d) + carbanilamide nº (0-14 d) + carbanilamide nº2 (15-28 d) + ionophore (29-40 d) + no treatment from day 41 - 45.1:用抗生素飼料添加劑和屬于二苯脲與離子載體類的化學(xué)抗球蟲劑處理動物，處理方式為，avilamicine(0~44天)+carbanilamide(0~14天)+carbanilamide(15~28天)+離子載體類化學(xué)抗球蟲劑(29~40天)+不處理(41~45天)。
　　處理Treatment 2: the animals were treated with a pronutrient that substituted the avilamicine, maintaining intact the rest of the treatment, with the following dosis:2:用親營養(yǎng)素取代avilamicine處理動物，其余的處理方式不變。具體的處理方式為，INTESTINAL CONDITIONERS* (0-44 d) + carbanilamide nº (0-14 d) + carbanilamide nº2 (15-28 d) + ionophore (29-40 d) + no treatment from day 41 - 45.腸道調(diào)理劑(0~44天)+carbanilamide(0~14天)+carbanilamide(15~28天)+離子載體類化學(xué)抗球蟲劑(29~40天)+不處理(41~45天)。
　　獲得的The results that were obtained are shown in the table 1,2 and 3.結(jié)果如表1、2和3所示。
　　表1：8~14天試驗結(jié)果

處理	死亡率（%）	累計死亡（%）	平均體重	平均日增重	飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率
1	15	15	0.34	24.29	1.57
2	0.25	0.25	0.35	25.21	1.45

　　表2：15~28天試驗結(jié)果

處理	死亡率（%）	累計死亡（%）	平均體重	平均日增重	飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率
1	1	2.5	1.29	46.32	1.68
2	0	0.25	1.29	46.36	1.51

　　表3：29~45天試驗結(jié)果

處理	死亡率（%）	累計死亡（%）	平均體重	平均日增重	飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率
1	1.0	3.5	2.88	64.13	1.81
2	1.5	1.75	2.85	63.60	1.77

抗生素飼料添加劑的主要作用是抑制腸道內(nèi)微生物的生長和活性，抑制腸道微生物產(chǎn)生氨、酚類、芳香族化合物及膽酸的生物學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化等不利于生產(chǎn)性能發(fā)揮的代謝產(chǎn)物。同時可預(yù)防臨床不明顯的腸道炎癥，保證腸壁良好的通透性，促進腸壁血液吸收營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，從而對促進動物生產(chǎn)性能的充分發(fā)揮有良好的作用。飼喂試驗結(jié)果表明，用親營養(yǎng)腸道調(diào)理劑處理The animals that were treated with INTESTINAL CONDITIONER* showed a lower % of deaths, better feed conversion as well as a higher efficacy index.動物可以使動物的死亡率降低，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率和生產(chǎn)效率指數(shù)高。Therefore, the use of INTESTINAL CONDITIONER* proves to be a good alternative for the use of antibiotics obtaining markedly better results.因此，可以證明使用親營養(yǎng)腸道調(diào)理劑替代抗生素飼料添加劑可以獲得同樣良好的效果。