一頭豬需要多少稻草?

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　　丹麥奧胡斯大學研究者發現一頭育肥豬需要400g稻草來滿足它行動和站立的行為需求，這不僅滿足了豬的行為需求也推動了較高的生長率，降低了胃潰瘍的風險。
　　2010年，教育部，司法部和衛生部食品，農業和漁業部共同委托奧胡斯大學進行一項研究，摸清在實際生產中多少稻草才能滿足豬的養殖和站立需求。該成果已發表在一份新的丹麥糧食和農業中心（DCA）報告中。
　　丹麥和歐盟的立法規定，豬必須永遠有足夠數量的稻草或其他可操作的材料，以此用來合適的探索和可做行為-但稻草需要多少，這沒有具體的數字，報告的主要作者介紹說，他是奧胡斯大學資深科學家Lene Juul Pedersen。
　　豬需要運動和新奇的刺激
　　豬用大部分活動時間調查它們周圍的環境。這種行為可能出于饑餓，但對于育肥豬，通常表現為自由采食，主要動機是尋求信息和好奇心。豬檢查周圍或環境有如下的行為模式，如嗅，站立，推，咀嚼或咬。
　　因此，在集約化生產，豬需要自由采食，也需要可操作的材料（鋪墊的和豐富的材料）以此滿足這種動機。
　　如果動物受到的刺激是短期的，它們可以重新選址其他豬進行正常的探索行為，尤其是選擇它們的耳朵和尾巴。
　　因此在項目中，科學家選擇豬轉向豬圈中其他同伴作為缺少行為需求的指示器。在研究中，以下的次要指標也記錄了
　　?受傷的尾巴
　　?日增重
　　?留在圈舍干凈的稻草（這是在下一次放稻草前剩下的量）
　　?室內氣候的指標
　　?胃健康。
　　豬需要400g稻草滿足它們的需求
　　在第一階段，科學家檢測了豬每天接受10, 500或1000g稻草的行為。表明接受500 g 和1000 g稻草的豬行為無顯著差異，但是僅僅接受10g稻草的豬重新轉向其他豬。
　　在第二階段，科學家給每頭豬每天的稻草分配量，分別為10 ， 80 ，150 ，220 ， 290 ，360 ， 430和500克。結果給予的稻草量和探索其他豬之間呈顯著的線性相關性，因為每頭豬每天分配為500g，將探索其他豬的活動時間花在這種行為從10.5 ％（10g）減少到8.1％。
　　在降低限制標準來檢測什么構成生物相關性差異時，科學家得出結論說，在給定的試驗條件下，豬每天至少接受400g稻草才能滿足它們的行為需求。
　　添加稻草的福利使用輔助變量測定，結果如下：
　　?稻草量增加時，尾部受傷的數量顯著得線性下降（10克和500克稻草秸稈分別為5.9％和2.8％）
　　?稻草量增加生長速度顯著增加（10和500克稻草每天分別增加1,012克和1,060克）
　　?與每天10g稻草相比，每天每頭豬提供500克稻草可顯著減少豬胃潰瘍（7％比33％）。
　　在給定的試驗條件下，在最熱的月份還包括了2周淤泥清理，收集遺漏數據，稻草量增加并不會增加豬圈，豬的臟污，也不會惡化豬舍的空氣（溫度和氨氣）。
　　測定豬圈剩余稻草的數量表明，在給定的條件下，每頭豬每天的稻草給予量是，體重增到約50kg時供應量大約是80g，70kg時供應量大約是150g，之后每頭豬需要多于290g的稻草保證能夠自由需求。
　　Lene Juul Pedersen.說：現在我們得到了滿足豬需求需要的稻草量。稻草的提供可以明顯地改善生長，幫助減少胃潰瘍的問題。這種結果用在實踐中，對于可提供大量稻草的豬舍和糞便系統設計是必不可少的。
　　英文來源：pigprogres
　　譯者：IRIS
　　一頭豬需要多少稻草?
　　新聞發布日期:2013年11月1日

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英文原文：　　n 2010 the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries jointly commissioned a study from Aarhus University to clarify how much whole straw is needed to satisfy the rooting and manipulation requirements of pigs under practical conditions. The results have been published in a new report from DCA – Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture.

　　- Danish and EU legislation stipulates that pigs must have permanent access to a sufficient quantity of straw or other manipulable material to enable proper investigative and manipulative behaviour – but there are no specific figures for how much straw is needed, says the main author of the report, senior scientist Lene Juul Pedersen from Aarhus University.

　　Pigs need activity and novel stimuli

　　Pigs use much of their active time investigating their surroundings. The behaviour may be motivated by hunger, but finishing pigs, which typically have free access to feed, are primarily motivated by information-seeking and curiosity. Pigs examine a substrate or an environment by behavioural patterns such as sniffing, rooting, pushing, chewing or biting.

　　Therefore, the pigs in an intensive production situation with free access to feed still need access to manipulable materials (rooting and enrichment materials) that can fulfil this motivation.

　　If the animals are short of stimuli, they can redirect their normal exploratory behaviour towards the other pigs in the pen, and especially against their ears and tails.

　　In the project, the scientists therefore used changes in the incidence of exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates as an indicator of a lack of fulfilment of the behavioural need. In the study, the following secondary variables were also registered:

　　? Injuries to the tail

　　? Daily weight gain

　　? Quantity of clean straw remaining in the pens (the amount of straw that is left before the next allocation of straw)

　　? Targets for indoor climate

　　? Gastric health.

　　Pigs need up to 400g of whole straw to meet their needs

　　In the first phase, the scientists examined pig behaviour when they received 10, 500 or 1000 grams straw per pig per day. This showed that there was no difference in the exploratory behaviour re-directed at other pigs for pigs given 500 g and 1000 g straw, but for pigs receiving only 10g there was more exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates.

　　In the second phase, the scientists gave daily allocations of straw per pig of, respectively, 10, 80, 150, 220, 290, 360, 430 and 500 grams. The results showed a significant linear correlation between the amount of straw given and the amount of time the pigs spent on investigative behaviour re-directed at pen mates, since a daily allocation of 500g per pig reduced the active time spent on this behaviour from 10.5% to 8.1% compared to the 10g allocation.

　　In the attempt to set a lower limit for what constitutes a biologically relevant difference, scientists concluded that under the given experimental conditions the pigs must be allocated at least 400 g of whole straw per pig per day to meet their needs.

　　The welfare impact of providing straw in such quantities was supported by the secondary variables measured. The results were as follows:

　　? A significant linear decrease in the percentage of animals with injuries to the tail when allocating increasing amounts of straw (5.9% and 2.8%, respectively, for 10 and 500 grams straw)

　　? A significant increase in growth rate with increasing straw allocation (1,012 g and 1,060 g per day at 10 and 500 grams straw, respectively)

　　? Significantly fewer pigs with gastric ulcers when allocating 500 or 1000 g straw per pig per day compared to 10g per pig (7% compared to 33%).

　　Under the given experimental conditions, which involved two weekly muck-outs and omission of data collected in the two hottest months, the amount of straw allocated did not lead to increased soiling in the pens, dirtying of the pigs or deterioration of the quality of the climate in the pens (temperature and ammonia).

　　Measuring the amounts of clean straw remaining in the pens showed that under the given conditions, minimum allocation per pig is approx. 80g of straw until they weight about 50kg, approx. 150g until approx. 70kg, whereafter they need more than 290g straw per pig to ensure permanent access to straw.

　　- Now we have factual knowledge of how much straw is needed to meet pig requirements. Allocation of straw can apparently also improve growth and help solve problems with gastric ulcers. Where results are implemented in practice, it will be necessary to design new housing and manure systems that can handle larger amounts of straw, says Lene Juul Pedersen.